Fig. 4

Scanning electron micrographs of the spider’s TG hydrogel scaffolds. A, B: The TG hydrogel exhibits a network structure characterized by high porosity. The sizes of the pores (P) are not uniform, with ridge or wall-like structures, and breaks in the dry hydrogel wall (double arrows) shows a relatively smooth profile. C, D: The average porosity of the TG hydrogel scaffold is 52.7%. Compared with other types of hydrogels, pores within TG hydrogels exhibit a more dispersed arrangement lacking the regular shapes. The wall appears smooth (arrows) without any attached fibrous structure. All scale bar indicates 100 μm