Fig. 3

Scanning electron micrographs of the spider’s MAG hydrogel scaffolds. A, B: The MAG hydrogel has a network structure with uneven pores (P) and sharp cracks (double arrows). Comparing to silkmoth’s SF hydrogel, the pore structure shows greater uniformity in size, and even distribution of the pore walls. C, D: The average porosity increased by 1.2 times compared with SF hydrogel scaffold. The surface of the hydrogel wall shows a relatively rough texture (arrows), with elongated fiber structures (double arrowheads) attached to the wall. Scale bars represent 100 μm (A, B), 50 μm (C), and 20 μm (D), respectively