Table 1 Summary of Nanomaterial potential risks

Silca

NPs

Zebra fish

inflammation–coagulation and thrombotic effects

(Duan et al. 2018)

TiO₂

Nano

Daphnia magna

no significant changes in measures of heart rate/hoping frequency

(Lovern et al. 2007)

nanofibers

mice

significant toxic effects and more bioactive than the TiO₂ NPs

(Allegri et al. 2016)

C₆₀

suspension

Daphnia magna

significant change in heart rate

(Lovern et al. 2007)

C₆₀HxC₇₀Hx

suspension

Daphnia magna

hopping frequency and appendage movement to increase

(Lovern et al. 2007)

Rare earth oxides

Y₂O₃, La₂O₃, CeO₂ etc. Mostly 18–60 nm

Humans mice

Lysosomal damage, Pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in mouse lungs.

(Li et al. 2014)

Gadolinium based MRI agent

Gadodiamide

Patients with renal failure

Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis

(Marckmann et al. 2006)

Ag

NPs (laser generated)

5 types of human cells

low human cell toxicity weak decrease in cell survival for endothelial cells and the lung cells

(Korshed et al. 2016)

SiO₂, TiO₂, ZnO

NP suspensions

Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis

Gram-negative Escherichia coli

photosensitive and harmful to varying degrees

(Adams et al. 2006)

TiO₂

Various size and concentration

NP suspensions

Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis

Gram-negative Escherichia coli

induced lipid peroxidation and cellular respiration disruption

(Erdem et al. 2015)

Quantum dots

CdSe

CdTe

Mice

toxicity on development of male sexual system

(Valipoor et al. 2015; Li et al. 2016)

Carboxyl and amine surface coating

Mice and human males

lung injury and inflammation; pulmonary vascular thrombosis,

(Wu and Tang 2014; Geys et al. 2008)

Al₂O₃ NPs (1, 10, and 40 mg L⁻¹)

Suspensions with dissolved organic matter.

unicellular green alga (Scenedesmus obliquus)

Disrupt cell membrane functions and trigger growth inhibition

(Ye et al. 2018)